Linux Info-Sheet, prevod (fwd)
Primoz Peterlin
peterlin na biofiz.mf.uni-lj.si
Pon Apr 14 11:49:55 CEST 1997
---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Sat, 12 Apr 1997 23:33:46 +0200 (METDST)
From: Primoz Peterlin <peterlin na biofiz.mf.uni-lj.si>
To: Linux User Group Of Slovenia <lugos-list na lugos.si>
Subject: Linux Info-Sheet, prevod
Zdravo --
Tole je prevod Johnstonovega informativnega letaka. Zaenkrat sem prišel
nekje do polovice, sprejemam pa pripombe in popravke na prevedeni del.
Lep pozdrav, Primož
--
Primoz Peterlin email: primoz.peterlin na biofiz.mf.uni-lj.si
Institut za biofiziko MF, Lipiceva 2, SLO-1105 Ljubljana, Slovenija
Fax: +386-61-131-5127 WWW: http://sizif.mf.uni-lj.si/~peterlin/
Linux: Informativni letak
Michael K. Johnson, johnsonm na redhat.com
v4.11, 13 January 1997
Slovenski prevod: Primož Peterlin, primoz.peterlin na biofiz.mf.uni-lj.si
14. april 1997
$Header: /home/lugrep/www/arhiv/mailinglist/041997/112.html,v 1.1 2001/05/29 08:58:46 roman Exp $
Ta spis vsebuje osnovne informacije o operacijskem sistemu
Linux, vključno z razlago, seznamom lastnosti, nekaj zahtevami
za delovanje, in nekaj viri.
1. Uvod v Linux
Linux je popolnoma prosta izvedba določil POSIX z razširitvami
System V in BSD -- kar pomeni, da daje vtis Unixa, vendar pa je
napisan od začetka na novo -- dosegljiva v izvorni in prevedeni
obliki. Linux je avtorsko delo Linusa B. Torvaldsa
<Linus.Torvalds na Helsinki.FI> in drugih sodelavcev, ter se lahko
prosto razširja pod pogoji, navedenimi v GNU Public License.
Linux ni v javni lasti, niti ni ,program na pokušino`
(shareware). Linux spada med _prosto_ programje (angleško
,freeware`). Kopije prostega programa lahko delite naokoli,
vendar pod pogojem, da priložite tudi izvorno kodo, oziroma da
je izvorna koda tudi dosegljiva. Če ste prosti program
dodelali ali spreminjali, ste zakonsko obvezani, da tudi
dodelave in spremembe napravite dostopne pod enakimi pogoji.
Podrobnosti so opisane v GNU General Public License, ki je
priložena izvorni kodi Linuxa, dostopna pa je tudi prek FTP na
prep.ai.mit.edu kot /pub/gnu/COPYING.
Linux je v izdaji 2.0 še vedno prost, in bo tudi ostal.
Zaradi narave zaščite GNU copyright, kateri predmet je Linux,
bi bilo nelegalno, če bi se to spremenilo. Natančneje: povsem
legalno je zahtevati denarno nadomestilo za distribuiranje
Linuxa, vse dokler zraven prilagate tudi izvorno kodo. (Zgoraj
zapisano je poenostavitev, za natančno pravno razlago pogojev
glejte GNU General Public License).
Linux teče na računalnikih s procesorji Intel 80386. 80486,
Pentium in Pentium Pro, z vodili ISA, EISA, PCI ali VLB. MCA
(IBM-ov Micro Channel) trenutno še ni dobro podprt, preizkusna
izvedba podpore pa je vključena v razvojno izvorno kodo. Če
vas zanima, si podrobnosti oglejte na
<http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca>.
V delu je priredba za več računalnikov s procesorju Motorola
680x0 (trenutno teče na nekaj Amigah, Atarijih in računalnikih
VME), ki že deluje precej dobro. Zahteva procesor 68020 z
enoto MMU, ali procesorje 68030, 68040 ali 68060, in zahteva
tudi numerični koprocesor FPU. Omrežne funkcije ter okolje X
že delujejo.
Linux teče dobro na procesorju DEC Alpha, in trenutno podpira "Jensen",
"NoName", "Cabriolet", "Universal Desktop Box" (bolj znan kot
Multia), in več drugih platform. Za dodatne informacije
glejte <http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/FAQ.html>. Priredba
za DEC Alpha je stabilna in vključena v komercialni distribuciji
Red Hat in Craftworks.
Linux tudi dobro teče na procesorju Sun SPARC; večina modelov
sun4c in sun4m zdaj že podpira Linux, podpora za sun4u pa je v
izdelavi. Priredba za Sun SPARC je stabilna in vključena v
komercialno distribucijo Red Hat Linux, za podrobnosti glejte
<http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/rhl-sparc/>
Priredba za arhitekturo Power PC, vključujoč računalnike PowerMac
(NuBus in PCI), Mototola, IBM in Be je v intenzivnem razvoju.
Priredbe za druge arhitekture, vključno MIPS in ARM, so v
različnih fazah razvoja. Rezultatov morda ni za pričakovati
takoj; če pa vas delo zanima in ste željni in sposobni
prispevati k njemu, boste verjetno hitro našli stik z drugimi
sodelavci.
Linuxa že dolgo ne moremo več šteti za preizkusno verzijo, saj
je prva izdaja (1.0) izšla že 14. marca 1994. Seveda so v sistemu
vedno napake, in s časom se pojavijo celo nove, in so seveda
tudi popravljene. Ker je delo na Linuxu sledi ,,modelu odprtega
razvoja``, vse nove izvedenke javno izidejo, ne glede na to, če
so ,,produkcijske kakovosti`` ali ne. Vendar pa je bila v pomoč
ljudem pri odločitvi, katere izvedenke so stabilne in katere
ne, vpeljana naslednja shema: izdaje 1.x.y, kjer je x sodo
število, so stabilne, namenjene zgolj odpravljanju napak. Tako
so bile od izdaje 1.2.2 do 1.2.3 odpravljene samo nekatere
napake, ni pa bilo dodanih nobenih novih lastnosti. Izdaje
1.x.y, kjer je x liho število, pa so razvojne izvedenke, kjer
se od ene izdaje do druge odpravljajo napake in dodajajo nove
funkcionalnosti. Take izdaje so lahko nestabilne in so
namenjene razvijalcem. Vsake toliko časa, ko se jedro
stabilizira, se razvoj na novem stabilnem jedru zamrzne, nadaljuje
pa se delo na razvojni izvedbi jedru.
Trenutna stabilna izdaja je 2.0.30 (zadnja številka se bo
spremenila s odpravo napak in dodajanjem gonilnikov), razvoj pa
se nadaljuje na eksperimentalnem jedru 2.1.x. Če se vam zdi
2.0.x še vedno preveč ,,v delu``, boste morda zaenkrat raje izbrali izdajo
1.2.13. Vendar pa so se zadnje izdaje 2.0.x izkazale za precej
stabilne. Bodite pozorni: pri nadgradnji jedra izdaje 1.2 na 2.0
boste morali nadgraditi tudi nekaj programov; da bi te programe
lahko uporabljali, boste morda hoteli preiti tudi na novo
izdajo jedra operacijskega sistema. Izvorni kodi za jedro
Linuxa je priložena tudi datoteka Documentation/Changes, ki
natančneje razloži spremebe.
Večina izdaj Linuxa, razvojnih ali stabilnih, je precej
stabilnih. Če nimate posebnih ambicij, da bi vedno sledili
zadnji izdaji, in če izdaja, ki jo imate, dela, kar želite, lahko
mirno ostanete tudi pri njej. Znan je primer računalnika, na
katerem je tekla izdaja 0.97p1 (izdana poleti 1992) neprekinjeno
136 dni brez napak (tekla bi še naprej, če ne bi bagerist po
nesreči pretrgal omrežnega kabla). Še drugi so objavili
neprekinjeno delovanje tudi prek enega leta. Zadnje poročilo
navaja računalnik, na katerem še vedno teče izdaja 0.99p15s,
zdaj že prek 600 dni.
Zavedati se moramo, da je razvoj Linuxa odprt in distribuitran,
medtem ko je razvoj večine ostalega programja zaprt in
centraliziran. To pomeni, da je trenutna razvojna verzija
vedno javno dostopna (z zamikom tedna ali dveh) in jo lahko
kdorkoli uporablja. Rezultat tega je, da izdaja, ki prinaša novo
funkcionalnost, skoraj vedno vsebuje tudi napake, po drugi
strani pa to pomeni tudi izjemno hiter razvoj, tako da so
napake najdene in odpravljene zelo hitro, dostikrat v nekaj
urah, saj se z njimi ukvarja veliko ljudi.
Zaprt, centraliziran razvoj pomeni, da se s projektom ukvarja
posameznik ali skupina, in programje javno izdajo potem, ko
mislijo, da dobro deluje. To navadno vodi v dolge intervale med
izdajami, dolgo čakanje na popravke napak, in počasnejši
razvoj. Seveda je končna javna izdaja takega programja bolj
kakovostna, vendar pa je hitrost razvoja v splošnem mnogo
nižja.
Ob pisanju tega spisa (12. april 1997) je bila trenutna
stabilna izdaja Linuxa 2.0.30, zadnja razvojna izdaja pa
2.1.33.
2. Lastnosti Linuxa
* večopravilni: več programov teče naenkrat.
* večuporabniški: več ljudi lahko hkrati dela na istem
računalniku (brez omejitve na dva uporabnika!)
* večplatformni: teče na več različnih mikroprocesorjih, ne le
na Intelovih.
* večprocesorski: podpora za SMP obstaja za procesorje Intel
in SPARC (za ostale pa je v delu), Linux pa uporabljajo tudi
v večih ohlapno povezanih večprocesorskih aplikacijah, med
njimi sistemi Beowilf (glejte
<http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux-web/beowulf/beowulf.html>)
in Fujitsujev AP1000+ superračunalnik s procesorji SPARC.
* teče v zaščitenem načinu na 80386.
* vsebuje zaščito pomnilnika med procesi, tako da en sam
program ne more ogroziti stabilnosti celotnega sistema.
* nalaganje programov na zahtevo: Linux prebere z diska v
pomnilnik samo tiste dele programa, ki se jih dejansko
potrebuje.
* deljen prepis ob branju. Več programov lahko uporablja isti
pomnilnik. Ko program poskusi pisati v pomnilnik, Linux
stran (blok 4KB) pomnilnika prepiše nekam drugam. Ta način
prinese dve prednosti: višjo hitrost in manjšo porabo
pomnilnika.
* shranjevanje virtualnega pomnilnika na disk po eno stran
naenkrat (paging) namesto shranjevanje celotnega procesa
(swapping); na ločeno particijo ali pa v datoteko, ali pa na
obe. Dodani prostor za swap (prostor na disku se iz
zgodovinskih razlogov še vedno imenuje swap) je možno dodati
tudi med delom. Skupno more Linux uporabiti 16 področij za
swap po 128 MB vsako, skupaj 2 GB. Če je potrebno, se more
ta omejitev popraviti s spremembo nekaj vrstic v programu.
* skupni pomnilniški fond za uporabniške programe in diskovni
medpomnilnik, tako da se lahko ves prosti pomnilnik
uporablja za predhranjene vsebine diska, po potrebi, ko
programi zahtevajo več pomnilnika, pa se ta dinamično
prilagodi.
* dinamično povezane deljene knjižnice (DLL), in seveda tudi
statične knjižnice
* izvaja pomnilniški izpis (core dump) za analizo ,post-mortem`, kar
dovoljuje analizo z iskalnikom napak ne le med tekom programa,
ampak tudi potem, ko se je zrušil.
* večinoma združljiv na ravni izvorne kode s standardi POSIX,
Sustem V in BSD.
* preko modula za emulacijo iBCS2, večinoma združljiv na
binarni ravni s SCO, SVR3 in SVR4.
* vsa izvorna koda je dostopna, vključujoč celotno jedro,
gonilnike, razvojna orodja in uporabniške programe; vse se
sme tudi prosto razpečevati. Kopica komercialnih programov
je bila prirejenih za Linux, za katere izvorna koda ni na
voljo; vse, kar pa je bilo prosto, vključno celoten osnoven
operacijski sistem, ostaja prosto.
* nadzor nad opravili po POSIX.
* psevdoterminali (pty).
* emulacija numeričnega koprocesorja 387 v jedru, tako da ni
potrebe, da bi programi izvajali svojo emulacijo. Vsak
računalnik, na katerem teče Linux, izgleda, kot bi imel
vgrajen numerični koprocesor. Če ima računalnik v resnici
koprocesor, bo Linux seveda uporabil tega namesto emulacije,
in jedro lahko tudi prevedete brez numerične emulacije, s
čimer prihranite nekaj malega pomnilnika.
* podpira mnoge neangleške ali posebne tipkovnice, enostavno
pa je tudi dodati podporo za nove.
* več virtualnih konzol: več (do 64) neodvisnih prijav prek
konzole, med katerimi lahko preklapljate s kombinacijo tipk
(neodvisno od strojne opreme za prikaz).
* podpira več datotečnih sistemov, med njimi minix, Xenix, vse
pogoste datotečne sisteme System V; ima sodoben lastni
datotečni sistem, ki omogoča do 4 TB prostora in 255 znakov
dolga imena datotek.
* transparenten dostop do particij MS-DOS (in particij FAT na
OS/2) prek posebnega datotečnega sistema: ne potrebujete
nobenih posebnih ukazov za uporabo particije MS-DOS, saj se
kaže kot povsem običajni datotečni sistem Unix (razen čudnih
omejitev glede dolžine imen, zaščite ipd.) Za stisnjene
particije pod MS-DOS 6 je zaenkrat potrebno uporabiti popravek
(dmsdosfs). Podpora za VFAT (Windows NT, Windows 95) je na
voljo v Linuxu 2.0.
* posebni datotečni sistem, UMSDOS, omogoča, da Linux
namestimo na datotečnem sistemu MS-DOS.
* podpora za branje datotečnega sistema HPFS-2 pod OS/2 2.1.
* podpora za HFS (Macintosh) je na razpolago kot ločen modul.
* datotečni sistem CD-ROM bere vse standardne zapise CD-ROM.
* podpora za omrežje TCP/IP, vključujoč ftp, telnet, NFS itd.
* strežnik za Appletalk.
* strežnik in odjemnik za NetWare
* strežnik in odjemnik za Lan Manager (SMB)
* podpora za mnoge omrežne protokole: osnovni protokoli v
zadnji razvojni izdaji vključujejo TCP, IPv4, IPv6, AX.25,
X.25, IPX, DDP (Appletalk), NetBEUI, Netrom, in druge.
Stabilna izdaja trenutno vključuje podporo za TCP, IPv4,
IPX, DDP in AX.25.
3. Strojne zahteve
3.1. Minimalna sestava
Tole je verjetno najmanjša možna sestava, na kateri teče Linux:
procesor 386SX/16, 1 MB pomnilnika, disketnik (1.44 MB ali 1.2
MB), katerakoli podprta grafična kartica (in seveda tipkovnica,
monitor in tako naprej). To je dovolj, da sistem zaženete in
vidite, če na računalniku sploh deluje; ne boste pa mogli
početi nič uporabnega. Dodatne informacije o delu z minimalno
sestavo najdete na <http://rsphy1.anu.edu.au/~gpg109/mem.html>.
Da bi počeli kaj uporabnega, potrebujete še disk. Za zalo
minimalno nastavitev zadostuje 5 do 10 MB prostora, kamor
namestite samo najnujnejše ukaze in eno ali dve majhni
aplikaciji, denimo terminalski emulator. To je še vedno zelo,
zelo omejujoče, in zelo neudobno, saj za početi skoraj karkoli
ni dovolj prostora. V splošnem tega ne priporočamo za nič
drugega kot za preizkus, če stvari delujejo, in seveda za
modrovanja o minimalnih zahtevah.
3.2. Uporabna sestava
Če boste poganjali kateregakoli od računsko intenzivnih
programov, npr. gcc, X ali TeX, boste verjetno želeli kaj
hitrejšega kot 386SX/16, čeprav z nekaj potrpežljivosti tudi ta
zadostuje.
V praksi potrebujete vsaj 4 MB pomnilnika, če ne uporabljate
okolja X, in 8 MB, če ga. Če bo na sistemu hkrati delalo več
uporabnikov, ali če boste hkrati poganjali več večjih programov
(npr. prevajalnik), bo 4 MB verjetno premalo. Linux sicer deluje
tudi z manj pomnilnika (zadoščalo bi celo samo 2 MB), vendar pa
bo tedaj uporabil disk kot virtualni pomnilnik, in sistem bo
prepočasen, da bi bil uporaben. Če poganjate hkrati več
programov, bo 16 MB znatno zmanjšalo posege na disk. Če želite,
da bo sistem pod normalno uporabo le neznatno uporabljal disk
kot virtualni pomnilnik, bo verjetno zadostovalo 32 MB. Če
poganjate programe s hujšo lakoto po pomnilniku, pa boste verjetno
seči še više.
Količina diska je odvisna od tega, kaj želite namestiti.
Za osnovni nabor podpornih programov Unix, ukazno lupino in
upravne programe bo dovolj 10 MB, z nekaj prostora za
uporabniške datoteke. Za popolnejši sistem vzemite Red Hat,
Debian, Slackware ali katero drugo distribucijo, in računajte,
da boste potrebovali od 60 do 300 MB prostora, odvisno od tega,
kaj želite namestiti in katero distribucijo uporabljate. K temu
prostoru prištejte prostor, ki ste ga namenili za datoteke
uporabnikov. Če kupujete nov računalnik, glede na dandanašnje cene
diskov ni pametno kupovati premajhnega diska. Vzemite vsaj 500
MB, raje 1 GB, in ne bo vam žal.
Dodajte več pomnilnika, več diska, hitrejši procesor in ostalo
glede na vaše potrebe, želje in zmožnosti, če želite kaj več
kot zgolj uporabni sistem. V splošnem pomeni pod Linuxom
dodatni pomnilnik bistveno večjo razliko kot pod MS-DOS. To je
seveda povezano z omejitvijo MS-DOS na 640 KB, ki je pod
Linuxom ni.
3.3. Supported hardware
CPU:
Anything that runs 386 protected mode programs (all models of
386's 486's, 586's, and 686's should work. 286s and below may
someday be supported on a smaller kernel called ELKS (Embeddable
Linux Kernel Subset), but don't expect the same capabilities. A
version for the 680x0 CPU (for x = 2 with external MMU, 3, 4,
and 6) which runs on Amigas and Ataris can be found at
tsx-11.mit.edu in the 680x0 directory. Many DEC Alphas are
supported. Many SPARCs are now supported. Ports are also being
done to the PowerPC, ARM, and MIPS architectures. More details
are available elsewhere.
Architecture:
ISA or EISA bus. MCA (mostly true blue PS/2's) support is
incomplete but improving (see above). Local busses (VLB and
PCI) work. Linux puts higher demands on hardware than DOS,
Windows, and in fact most operating systems. This means that
some marginal hardware that doesn't fail when running less
demanding operating system may fail when running Linux. Linux
is an excellent memory tester...
RAM:
Up to 1 GB on Intel; more on 64-bit platforms. Some people
(including Linus) have noted that adding ram without adding more
cache at the same time has slowed down their machine extremely,
so if you add memory and find your machine slower, try adding
more cache. Some machines can only cache certain amounts of
memory regardless of how much RAM is installed (64 MB is the
most one popular chipset can cache). Over 64 MB of memory will
require a boot-time parameter, as the BIOS cannot report more
than 64MB, because it is ``broken as designed.''
Data storage:
Generic AT drives (EIDE, IDE, 16 bit HD controllers with MFM or
RLL, or ESDI) are supported, as are SCSI hard disks and CD-ROMs,
with a supported SCSI adaptor. Generic XT controllers (8 bit
controllers with MFM or RLL) are also supported. Supported SCSI
adaptors: Advansys, Adaptec 1542, 1522, 1740, 27xx, and 29xx
(with some exceptions) series, Buslogic MultiMaster controllers
(Flashpoint support is in beta-testing), NCR53c810-based
controllers, DPT controllers, Qlogic ISP and FAS controllers,
Seagate ST-01 and ST-02, Future Domain TMC-88x series (or any
board based on the TMC950 chip) and TMC1660/1680, Ultrastor 14F,
24F and 34F, Western Digital wd7000, and others. SCSI, QIC-02,
and some QIC-80 tapes are also supported. Several CD-ROM devices
are also supported, including Matsushita/Panasonic, Mitsumi,
Sony, Soundblaster, Toshiba, ATAPI (EIDE), SCSI, and others.
For exact models, check the hardware compatibility HOWTO.
Video:
VGA, EGA, CGA, or Hercules (and compatibles) work in text mode.
For graphics and X, there is support for (at least) normal VGA,
some super-VGA cards (most of the cards based on ET3000, ET4000,
Paradise, and some Trident chipsets), S3, 8514/A, ATI
MACH8/32/64, and hercules. (Linux uses the Xfree86 X server, so
that determines what cards are supported. A full list of
supported chipsets alone takes over a page.)
Networking:
Ethernet support includes 3COM 503/509/579/589 (501/505/507 are
supported but not recomended), AT&T GIS (neé NCR) WaveLAN, most
WD8390-based cards, most WD80x3-based cards, NE1000/2000 and
most clones, AC3200, Apricot 82596, AT1700, ATP,
DE425/434/435/500, D-Link DE-600/620, DEPCA, DE100/101,
DE200/201/202 Turbo, DE210, DE422, Cabletron E2100 (not
recommended), Intel EtherExpress (not recommended), DEC
EtherWORKS 3, HP LAN, HP PCLAN/plus, most AMD LANCE-based cards,
NI5210, ni6510, SMC Ultra, DEC 21040 (tulip), Zenith Z-Note
ethernet, All Zircom cards and all Cabletron cards other than
the E2100 are unsupported, due to the manufacturers
unwillingness to release programming information freely.
FDDI support currently includes the DEFxx cards from DEC.
Point-to-Point networking support include PPP, SLIP, CSLIP, and
PLIP.
Serial:
Most 16450 and 16550 UART-based boards, including AST Fourport,
the Usenet Serial Card II, and others. Intelligent boards
supported include Cyclades Cyclom series (supported by the
manufacturer), Comtrol Rocketport series (supported by the
manufacturer), Stallion (most boards; supported by the
manufacturer), and Digi (some boards; not manufacturer-
supported). Some ISDN, frame relay, and leased line hardware is
supported.
Other hardware:
SoundBlaster, ProAudio Spectrum 16, Gravis Ultrasound, most
other sound cards, most (all?) flavours of bus mice (Microsoft,
Logitech, PS/2), etc.
4. An Incomplete List of Ported Programs and Other Software
Most of the common Unix tools and programs have been ported to Linux,
including almost all of the GNU stuff and many X clients from various
sources. Actually, ported is often too strong a word, since many
programs compile out of the box without modifications, or only small
modifications, because Linux tracks POSIX quite closely.
Unfortunately, there are not as many end-user applications yet as we
would like, but this is changing rapidly. Contact the vendor of your
favorite commercial Unix application and ask if they have ported it to
Linux.
Here is an incomplete list of software that is known to work under
Linux:
Basic Unix commands:
ls, tr, sed, awk and so on (you name it, Linux probably has it).
Development tools:
gcc, gdb, make, bison, flex, perl, rcs, cvs, prof.
Languages and Environments:
C, C++, Objective C, Java, Modula-3, Modula-2, Oberon, Ada95,
Pascal, Fortran, ML, scheme, Tcl/tk, Perl, Python, Common Lisp,
and many others.
Graphical environments:
X11R5 (XFree86 2.x), X11R6 (XFree86 3.x), MGR.
Editors:
GNU Emacs, XEmacs, MicroEmacs, jove, ez, epoch, elvis (GNU vi),
vim, vile, joe, pico, jed, and others.
Shells:
bash (POSIX sh-compatible), zsh (includes ksh compatiblity
mode), pdksh, tcsh, csh, rc, es, ash (mostly sh-compatible shell
used as /bin/sh by BSD), and many more.
Telecommunication:
Taylor (BNU-compatible) UUCP, SLIP, CSLIP, PPP, kermit, szrz,
minicom, pcomm, xcomm, term (runs multiple shells, redirects
network activity, and allows remote X, all over one modem line),
Seyon (popular X-windows communications program), and several
fax and voice-mail (using ZyXEL and other modems) packages are
available. Of course, remote serial logins are supported.
News and mail:
C-news, innd, trn, nn, tin, smail, elm, mh, pine, etc.
Textprocessing:
TeX, groff, doc, ez, LyX, Lout, Linuxdoc-SGML, and others.
Games:
Nethack, several Muds and X games, and lots of others. One of
those games is looking through all the games available at tsx-11
and sunsite.
Suites:
AUIS, the Andrew User Interface System. ez is part of this
suite.
All of these programs (and this isn't even a hundredth of what is
available) are freely available. Commercial software is becoming
widely available; ask the vendor of your favorite commercial software
if they support Linux.
protected mode programs (all models of
386's 486's, 586's, and 686's should work. 286s and below may
someday be supported on a smaller kernel called ELKS (Embeddable
Linux Kernel Subset), but don't expect the same capabilities. A
version for the 680x0 CPU (for x = 2 with external MMU, 3, 4,
and 6) which runs on Amigas and Ataris can be found at
tsx-11.mit.edu in the 680x0 directory. Many DEC Alphas are
supported. Many SPARCs are now supported. Ports are also being
done to the PowerPC, ARM, and MIPS architectures. More details
are available elsewhere.
Architecture:
ISA or EISA bus. MCA (mostly true blue PS/2's) support is
incomplete but improving (see above). Local busses (VLB and
PCI) work. Linux puts higher demands on hardware than DOS,
Windows, and in fact most operating systems. This means that
some marginal hardware that doesn't fail when running less
demanding operating system may fail when running Linux. Linux
is an excellent memory tester...
RAM:
Up to 1 GB on Intel; more on 64-bit platforms. Some people
(including Linus) have noted that adding ram without adding more
cache at the same time has slowed down their machine extremely,
so if you add memory and find your machine slower, try adding
more cache. Some machines can only cache certain amounts of
memory regardless of how much RAM is installed (64 MB is the
most one popular chipset can cache). Over 64 MB of memory will
require a boot-time parameter, as the BIOS cannot report more
than 64MB, because it is ``broken as designed.''
Data storage:
Generic AT drives (EIDE, IDE, 16 bit HD controllers with MFM or
RLL, or ESDI) are supported, as are SCSI hard disks and CD-ROMs,
with a supported SCSI adaptor. Generic XT controllers (8 bit
controllers with MFM or RLL) are also supported. Supported SCSI
adaptors: Advansys, Adaptec 1542, 1522, 1740, 27xx, and 29xx
(with some exceptions) series, Buslogic MultiMaster controllers
(Flashpoint support is in beta-testing), NCR53c810-based
controllers, DPT controllers, Qlogic ISP and FAS controllers,
Seagate ST-01 and ST-02, Future Domain TMC-88x series (or any
board based on the TMC950 chip) and TMC1660/1680, Ultrastor 14F,
24F and 34F, Western Digital wd7000, and others. SCSI, QIC-02,
and some QIC-80 tapes are also supported. Several CD-ROM devices
are also supported, including Matsushita/Panasonic, Mitsumi,
Sony, Soundblaster, Toshiba, ATAPI (EIDE), SCSI, and others.
For exact models, check the hardware compatibility HOWTO.
Video:
VGA, EGA, CGA, or Hercules (and compatibles) work in text mode.
For graphics and X, there is support for (at least) normal VGA,
some super-VGA cards (most of the cards based on ET3000, ET4000,
Paradise, and some Trident chipsets), S3, 8514/A, ATI
MACH8/32/64, and hercules. (Linux uses the Xfree86 X server, so
that determines what cards are supported. A full list of
supported chipsets alone takes over a page.)
Networking:
Ethernet support includes 3COM 503/509/579/589 (501/505/507 are
supported but not recomended), AT&T GIS (neé NCR) WaveLAN, most
WD8390-based cards, most WD80x3-based cards, NE1000/2000 and
most clones, AC3200, Apricot 82596, AT1700, ATP,
DE425/434/435/500, D-Link DE-600/620, DEPCA, DE100/101,
DE200/201/202 Turbo, DE210, DE422, Cabletron E2100 (not
recommended), Intel EtherExpress (not recommended), DEC
EtherWORKS 3, HP LAN, HP PCLAN/plus, most AMD LANCE-based cards,
NI5210, ni6510, SMC Ultra, DEC 21040 (tulip), Zenith Z-Note
ethernet, All Zircom cards and all Cabletron cards other than
the E2100 are unsupported, due to the manufacturers
unwillingness to release programming information freely.
FDDI support currently includes the DEFxx cards from DEC.
Point-to-Point networking support include PPP, SLIP, CSLIP, and
PLIP.
Serial:
Most 16450 and 16550 UART-based boards, including AST Fourport,
the Usenet Serial Card II, and others. Intelligent boards
supported include Cyclades Cyclom series (supported by the
manufacturer), Comtrol Rocketport series (supported by the
manufacturer), Stallion (most boards; supported by the
manufacturer), and Digi (some boards; not manufacturer-
supported). Some ISDN, frame relay, and leased line hardware is
supported.
Other hardware:
SoundBlaster, ProAudio Spectrum 16, Gravis Ultrasound, most
other sound cards, most (all?) flavours of bus mice (Microsoft,
Logitech, PS/2), etc.
4. An Incomplete List of Ported Programs and Other Software
Most of the common Unix tools and programs have been ported to Linux,
including almost all of the GNU stuff and many X clients from various
sources. Actually, ported is often too strong a word, since many
programs compile out of the box without modifications, or only small
modifications, because Linux tracks POSIX quite closely.
Unfortunately, there are not as many end-user applications yet as we
would like, but this is changing rapidly. Contact the vendor of your
favorite commercial Unix application and ask if they have ported it to
Linux.
Here is an incomplete list of software that is known to work under
Linux:
Basic Unix commands:
ls, tr, sed, awk and so on (you name it, Linux probably has it).
Development tools:
gcc, gdb, make, bison, flex, perl, rcs, cvs, prof.
Languages and Environments:
C, C++, Objective C, Java, Modula-3, Modula-2, Oberon, Ada95,
Pascal, Fortran, ML, scheme, Tcl/tk, Perl, Python, Common Lisp,
and many others.
Graphical environments:
X11R5 (XFree86 2.x), X11R6 (XFree86 3.x), MGR.
Editors:
GNU Emacs, XEmacs, MicroEmacs, jove, ez, epoch, elvis (GNU vi),
vim, vile, joe, pico, jed, and others.
Shells:
bash (POSIX sh-compatible), zsh (includes ksh compatiblity
mode), pdksh, tcsh, csh, rc, es, ash (mostly sh-compatible shell
used as /bin/sh by BSD), and many more.
Telecommunication:
Taylor (BNU-compatible) UUCP, SLIP, CSLIP, PPP, kermit, szrz,
minicom, pcomm, xcomm, term (runs multiple shells, redirects
network activity, and allows remote X, all over one modem line),
Seyon (popular X-windows communications program), and several
fax and voice-mail (using ZyXEL and other modems) packages are
available. Of course, remote serial logins are supported.
News and mail:
C-news, innd, trn, nn, tin, smail, elm, mh, pine, etc.
Textprocessing:
TeX, groff, doc, ez, LyX, Lout, Linuxdoc-SGML, and others.
Games:
Nethack, several Muds and X games, and lots of others. One of
those games is looking through all the games available at tsx-11
and sunsite.
Suites:
AUIS, the Andrew User Interface System. ez is part of this
suite.
All of these programs (and this isn't even a hundredth of what is
available) are freely available. Commercial software is becoming
widely available; ask the vendor of your favorite commercial software
if they support Linux.
5. Who uses Linux?
Linux is freely available, and no one is required to register their
copies with any central authority, so it is difficult to know how many
people use Linux. Several businesses are now surviving solely on
selling and supporting Linux, and very few Linux users use those
businesses, relatively speaking, and the Linux newsgroups are some of
the most heavily read on the internet, so the number is likely in the
hundreds of thousands, but hard numbers are hard to come by. However,
one brave soul, Harald T. Alvestrand, has decided to try, and asks
that if you use Linux, you send a message to linux-counter na uninett.no
with one of the following subjects: ``I use Linux at home'', ``I use
Linux at work'', or ``I use Linux at home and at work''. He is also
counting votes of ``I don't use Linux'', for some reason. He posts
his counts to comp.os.linux.misc.
6. Getting Linux
6.1. Anonymous FTP
Matt Welsh has released a new version of his Installation and Getting
Started guide, version 2.1.1. Also, the Linux Documentation Project
(the LDP) has put out several other books in various states of
completion, and these are available at
sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/LDP. Stay tuned to
comp.os.linux.announce. The Linux Documentation Project home page is
at <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP>
At least the following anonymous ftp sites carry Linux.
Textual name Numeric address Linux directory
============================= =============== ===============
tsx-11.mit.edu 18.172.1.2 /pub/linux
sunsite.unc.edu 152.2.22.81 /pub/Linux
ftp.funet.fi 128.214.248.6 /pub/OS/Linux
net.tamu.edu 128.194.177.1 /pub/linux
ftp.mcc.ac.uk 130.88.203.12 /pub/linux
src.doc.ic.ac.uk 146.169.2.1 /packages/linux
fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de 129.187.200.1 /pub/linux
ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de 131.159.0.110 /pub/comp/os/linux
ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.4.111 /pub/linux
ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.225.3 /pub/Linux
ftp.Germany.EU.net 192.76.144.75 /pub/os/Linux
ftp.ibp.fr 132.227.60.2 /pub/linux
ftp.uu.net 137.39.1.9 /systems/unix/linux
wuarchive.wustl.edu 128.252.135.4 mirrors/linux
ftp.win.tue.nl 131.155.70.100 /pub/linux
ftp.stack.urc.tue.nl 131.155.2.71 /pub/linux
srawgw.sra.co.jp 133.137.4.3 /pub/os/linux
cair.kaist.ac.kr /pub/Linux
ftp.denet.dk 129.142.6.74 /pub/OS/linux
NCTUCCCA.edu.tw 140.111.1.10 /Operating-Systems/Linux
nic.switch.ch 130.59.1.40 /mirror/linux
cnuce_arch.cnr.it 131.114.1.10 /pub/Linux
ftp.monash.edu.au 130.194.11.8 /pub/linux
ftp.dstc.edu.au 130.102.181.31 /pub/linux
ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au 129.78.192.2 /pub/linux
tsx-11.mit.edu and fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de are the official sites
for Linux' GCC. Some sites mirror other sites. Please use the site
closest (network-wise) to you whenever possible.
At least sunsite.unc.edu and ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de offer
ftpmail services. Mail ftpmail na sunsite.unc.edu or ftp na informatik.tu-
muenchen.de for help.
If you are lost, try looking at
sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/distributions/, where several distributions
are offered. Red Hat Linux, Debian, and Slackware appear to be the
most popular distributions at the moment.
6.2. CDROM
Most people now install Linux from CDROM's. The distributions have
grown to hundreds of MBs of Linux software, and downloading that over
even a 28.8 modem takes a long time.
There are essentially two ways to purchase a Linux distribution on
CDROM: as part of an archive of FTP sites, or directly from the
manufacturer. If you purchase an archive, you will almost always get
several different distributions to choose from, but usually support is
not included. When you purchase a distribution directly from the
vendor, you usually only get one distribution, but you usually get
some form of support, usually installation support.
6.3. Other methods of obtaining Linux
There are many BBS's that have Linux files. A list of them is
occasionally posted to comp.os.linux.announce. Ask friends and user
groups, or order one of the commmercial distributions. A list of
these is contained in the Linux distribution HOWTO, available as
sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/distribution-HOWTO, and posted
regularily to the comp.os.linux.announce newsgroup.
7. Getting started
As mentioned at the beginning, Linux is not centrally administered.
Because of this, there is no ``official'' release that one could point
at, and say ``That's Linux.'' Instead, there are various
``distributions,'' which are more or less complete collections of
software configured and packaged so that they can be used to install a
Linux system.
The first thing you should do is to get and read the list of
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) from one of the FTP sites, or by
using the normal Usenet FAQ archives (e.g. rtfm.mit.edu). This
document has plenty of instructions on what to do to get started, what
files you need, and how to solve most of the common problems (during
installation or otherwise).
8. Legal Status of Linux
Although Linux is supplied with the complete source code, it is
copyrighted software, not public domain. However, it is available for
free under the GNU General Public License, sometimes referred to as
the ``copyleft''. See the GPL for more information. The programs
that run under Linux each have their own copyright, although many of
them use the GPL as well. X uses the MIT X copyright, and some
utilities are under the BSD copyright. In any case, all of the
software on the FTP site is freely distributable (or else it shouldn't
be there).
9. News About Linux
A monthly magazine, called Linux Journal, was launched over two years
ago. It includes articles intended for almost all skill levels, and
is intended to be helpful to all Linux users. One-year subscriptions
are $22 in the U.S., $27 in Canada and Mexico, and $32 elsewhere,
payable in US currency. Subscription inquiries can be sent via email
to subs na ssc.com, or faxed to +1-206-782-7191, or phoned to
+1-206-782-7733, or mailed to Linux Journal, PO Box 85867, Seattle, WA
98145-1867 USA. SSC has a PGP public key available for encrypting
your mail to protect your credit card number; finger info na ssc.com to
get the key.
There are several Usenet newsgroups for Linux discussion, and also
several mailing lists. See the Linux FAQ for more information about
the mailing lists (you should be able to find the FAQ either in the
newsgroup or on the FTP sites).
The newsgroup comp.os.linux.announce is a moderated newsgroup for
announcements about Linux (new programs, bug fixes, etc).
The newsgroup comp.os.linux.answers is a moderated newsgroup to which
the Linux FAQ, HOWTO documents, and other documentation postings are
made.
The newsgroup comp.os.linux.admin is an unmoderated newsgroup for
discussion of administration of Linux systems.
The newsgroup comp.os.linux.development.system is an unmoderated
newsgroup specifically for discussion of Linux kernel development.
The only application development questions that should be discussed
here are those that are intimately associated with the kernel. All
other development questions are probably generic Unix development
questions and should be directed to a comp.unix group instead, unless
they are very Linux-specific applications questions, in which case
they should be directed at comp.os.linux.development.apps.
The newsgroup comp.os.linux.development.apps is an unmoderated
newsgroup specifically for discussion of Linux-related applications
development. It is not for discussion of where to get applications
for Linux, nor a discussion forum for those who would like to see
applications for Linux..
The newsgroup comp.os.linux.hardware is for Linux-specific hardware
questions.
The newsgroup comp.os.linux.networking is for Linux-specific
networking development and setup questions.
The newsgroup comp.os.linux.x is for Linux-specific X Windows
questions.
The newsgroup comp.os.linux.misc is the replacement for comp.os.linux,
and is meant for any discussion that doesn't belong elsewhere.
In general, do not crosspost between the Linux newsgroups. The only
crossposting that is appropriate is an occasional posting between one
unmoderated group and comp.os.linux.announce. The whole point of
splitting comp.os.linux into many groups is to reduce traffic in each.
Those that do not follow this rule will be flamed without mercy...
Linux is on the web at the URL <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP>
10. The Future
After Linux 1.0 was released, work was done on several enhancements.
Linux 1.2 included disk access speedups, TTY improvements, virtual
memory enhancements, multiple platform support, quotas, and more.
Linux 2.0, the current stable version, has even more enhancements,
including many performance improvements, several new networking
protocols, one of the fastest TCP/IP implementations in the world, and
far, far more. Even higher performance, more networking protocols,
and more device drivers will be available in Linux 2.2.
Even with over 3/4 million lines of code in the kernel, there is
plenty of code left to write, and even more documentation. Please
join the linux-doc na vger.rutgers.edu mailing list if you would like to
contribute to the documentation. Send mail to
majordomo na vger.rutgers.edu with a single line containing the word
``help'' in the body (NOT the subject) of the message.
11. This document
This document is maintained by Michael K. Johnson,
johnsonm na redhat.com. Please mail me with any comments, no matter how
small. I can't do a good job of maintaining this document without
your help. A more-or-less current copy of this document can always be
found at <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP>
12. Legalese
Trademarks are owned by their owners. There is no warranty about the
information in this document. Use and distribute at your own risk.
The content of this document is in the public domain, but please be
polite and attribute any quotes.
- --- END Linux INFO-SHEET part 1/1 ---
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